What Does Women’s Suffrage Mean to You?

             Today marks the 100^th anniversary of the 19^th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which was ratified on August 18, 1920. However, this achievement was reached after much work and many years, and the right to vote did not extend to all women.

            Women could vote in some of the colonies prior to 1776, but the right to vote for women was banned by constitutions in all colonies by 1807. The first step toward equal rights for women could have been taken by Abigail Adams in a private letter to her husband, John Adams, dated March 31, 1776. He was a member of the Continental Congress fighting for independence for America. More than 150 years before the 19^th Amendment was ratified, Abigail’s letter included the following statement.

I long to hear that you have declared an independency. And, by the way, in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation.

            Abigail Adams’ threat of rebellion began to materialize in the mid-nineteenth century when organizations supporting women’s rights became more active. In 1848, a Declaration of Sentiments was adopted at the Seneca Fall convention. This declaration “called for equality between the sexes and included a resolution urging women to secure the vote.” Women tried all kinds of ways to gain equal rights, including legal arguments using existing amendments. However, the Supreme Court struck all of them down. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two leaders in the movement, “called for a new constitutional amendment that would guarantee women the right to vote. 

            Some of the states, mainly in the West, gave women the vote in the late nineteenth century. A suffrage proposal was introduced in Congress in 1878, but it was rejected in 1887. By the 1890s, the suffrage movement was working on an amendment to the Constitution, while they also worked on state and local levels. Lucy Burns and Alice Paul moved the suffrage proposal forward.

            When the United States entered World War I, the public began to see women’s suffrage differently. The National American Woman Suffrage Association, led by Carrie Chapman Catt, supported the war effort and made the argument that women should be rewarded with equal rights for their patriotic service in wartime. The National Woman’s Party was quick to emphasize the contradictions of Americans fighting for democracy in foreign lands, while “limiting it at home by denying women the right to vote.” Public opinion was swayed by the two organizations, and President Woodrow Wilson announced his support for the suffrage amendment in 1918.

            The women’s suffrage amendment passed in the House of Representatives on May 21, 1919, and in the Senate on June 4, 1919. Congress then submitted the amendment to the states for ratification. On August 18, 1920, Tennessee was last of the required 36 states to ratify the amendment and thus secure adoption. After fighting for such an amendment for decades, the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment was certified on August 26, 1920. It is stated clearly:

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or bridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.

            The Nineteenth Amendment made it illegal for the federal or any state government to deny the right to vote to women. However, states found other ways to stop minority men and women from voting, such as poll taxes.

            Women received the right to vote 100 years ago, and now we have women mayors, governors, representatives, and senators. Several women have been included on national tickets for the position of vice president. Just like men, some of the women leaders and representatives have served the people well – such as the governor of South Dakota, while others simply look like idiots – such as Maxine Waters.

            In 1973, Congress designated August 26 – the day that the Nineteenth Amendment was officially certified – Women’s Equality Day. In the words of then-President Richard Nixon, this was “the first step toward full and equal participation of women in our Nation’s life.” 

            Yesterday President Donald Trump signed a proclamation that declared August to be National Suffrage Month. He also issued a posthumous pardon for Susan B. Anthony who “was arrested in 1872 for voting in an election at a time in America when only men could vote. She was indicted, convicted of illegal voting, and sentenced to pay a fine of $100 and court costs.” Trump gave a “full and complete pardon” for Anthony, who died in 1906. 

            My hope is that all women will recognize the efforts and sacrifices made by our foremothers who fought for the right for women to vote. If we fail to vote in the elections, we show ingratitude to them and to our Heavenly Father for the blessing of women having equal rights with men.

Women Fought for the Vote

            My VIPs for this week are the many women who fought for the right to vote for American women. Hundreds and thousands of women worked for nearly 100 years for women in America to have the right to vote and to be considered as full citizens of the United States.

            When the United States first became a nation in the late 1790s, only white men who had money and/or owned property were allowed to vote. By the 1820s and 1830s most states had given this right to all white men.

            During this same period of time women began playing a prominent role in all sorts of reform groups – “temperance leagues, religious movements, moral-reform societies, anti-slavery organizations. It seems that women recognized that they could do more than be “a pious, submissive wife and mother concerned exclusively with home and family.” With all these incidences coming together at the same time, women began thinking in “a new way about what it meant to be a woman and a citizen of the United States.” 

            This writer did not know this fact previously, but abolitionists were concerned by women’s rights as much as by freedoms for blacks. A group of abolitionists met in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 to discuss the problem of women being treated as second-class citizens in America. The group consisted of mostly women but contained a few men also. They were all invited to the meeting by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. The group agreed that women in America deserved to have their own political identities.

            The delegates to the convention in Seneca Falls produced a document known as the Declaration of Sentiments and styled it after the Declaration of Independence.

We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men and women are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, that among  these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

            The delegates believed that women deserved to have the right to vote – as well as other freedoms. You see, women living in America at that time could not own property, could not have money, and could not vote. Any wages that a woman earned were given to her husband.

            Once the idea of suffrage began to sprout in the minds of the women, the movement began. It gathered steam in the 1850s but was sidelined during the Civil War. The push to give black men suffrage and citizenship brought the subject of women’s rights back to the forefront. Suffrage leaders sought to have women rights included in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution, but they were not successful.

            The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868 to extend the protections of the Constitution to “all citizens” but defines “citizens” as “male.” The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified two years later in 1870 and guaranteed the right to vote to black men.

            The two amendments did not sit well with the advocates for women’s suffrage. In 1869 the National Woman Suffrage Association was formed, and the group began their fight for a constitutional amendment for universal suffrage. The suffrage movement split into two groups but reunited in 1890 as the National American Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton as its first president.

            This time the advocates for women’s suffrage used a different argument. Previously, they argued that men and women should have the same rights and responsibilities because they were “created equal.” This time they argued that women should have the vote because they were different from men. They used the argument that their domestic abilities could become a political virtue and help the nation to become “purer, more moral `maternal commonwealth.’”

            This argument connected several political agendas. Advocates for temperance that women’s suffrage would bring a large voting bloc to their cause. Middle-aged white people thought it would maintain white supremacy.

            Only four states allowed women to vote before 1910 – Wyoming (1869), Colorado (1893), Utah (1896), and Idaho (1896). After 1910 the women intensified their lobbying efforts and more states granted the right to vote to them. Other states began to extend the right, but most of them were in western states with southern and eastern states resisting.

            The national organization decided to do a blitz attack and send advocates everywhere calling for the right to vote for women. A splinter group of advocates decided to use more radical, even militant, means – picketing the White House, hunger strikes, and even going to jail.

            Even though the suffrage movement slowed during World War I, the war actually advanced their cause. Women worked to help the war effort and showed that they were patriotic and deserving of full citizenship rights. Their argument finally brought results. The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on August 26, 1920, stating: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” A few months later on November 2, “more than 8 million women across the United States voted in elections for the first time.” Women became full citizens 50 years after full rights were given to black men, but women continue to fight discrimination in homes, schools, and businesses.